According to China's industrial classification, usually iron, manganese, chromium and their alloys called ferrous metals, other metals are classified as other than non-ferrous metals. In fact, pure iron and chromium are silver- white, and manganese is silver-gray. The reason why they are called ferrous metals is because the surface of steel is often covered with a layer of black ferroferric oxide, while manganese and chromium are mainly It is used in smelting alloy steel, so it is called ferrous metal. This division is the result of the use of textbooks from the former Soviet Union, and it is not scientific in nature, both in terms of logic and in nature. "Colorful" should be opposite to colorless. Is "black" not "colored"? Moreover, iron, manganese and chromium are not black. In European and American textbooks, metals are divided into two categories: iron metal and non-ferrous metal. This is more scientific and rigorous. However, the title of ferrous and non-ferrous metals has been used for a long time in China, and this title is still used in this book.
At present, the total output of metal materials in the world is about 800 million tons, of which steel accounts for about 95%, which is the main body of metal materials; non-ferrous metal materials account for about 5%, which is in a supplementary position, but its role is that steel materials cannot replace of.
Many non-ferrous metals can be used in industrial and scientific technologies in pure metal. For example, Au, Ag, cu, and Al are used as electrical conductors, Ti is used as corrosion-resistant members, W, Mo, and Ta are used as high-temperature heating elements, Al and Sn foils are used for food packaging, Hg is used for instruments, and Pb is used for batteries. Etc.; but more often with a variety of non-ferrous metals, or use non-ferrous metal alloys. Non-ferrous metal alloys have many important properties, and they have a very important position in the industrial sector and high-tech fields, both as structural materials and functional materials. For example, Al, Mg, Ti and their alloys, due to their low density and high specific strength, have become indispensable materials for the aerospace industry, making it possible to reduce the weight of automobiles; copper has excellent electrical conductivity, while cu-Ni-Mn alloy It is an excellent resistance material; the high-temperature components of jet engines are inseparable from Ni, co and their alloys; zirconium alloys are not only used as important structural components of nuclear reactors, but also heat exchangers, antenna arrays, sounds exposed to seawater. Corrosion resistant structural materials such as sound hoods. In the field of high-tech, non-ferrous metal alloys or compounds exhibit greater prospects for development, can be used as a cathode material metal w-cu alloy coal fired MHD generator channel; La oxygen storage material required for the development of secondary energy -Ni, Mg Ni, Ti-Mn alloy; Nd-Fe-B alloy with excellent hard magnetic properties; Ti-Ni alloy with special shape memory effect; optical recording material Gd-Co alloy; high speed computer, microwave communication , fine materials in the field of laser technology and the like gallium arsenide; new superconducting material YBCO compound; next new high temperature structure material such as nickel aluminum compounds, titanium aluminum compound. In a nutshell, the role of non-ferrous metal materials in the national economy and modern science and technology cannot be measured by the size of production and has an irreplaceable important role. [next]
Waste non-ferrous metals refer to non-ferrous metal parts and materials contained in devices that have completed their service life during production and consumption. For example, old wires, old batteries, used electrical appliances, used aircraft, scrapped cars, abandoned ships, etc., all contain a certain amount of non-ferrous metals.
In some developed countries, raw materials for the production of non-ferrous metals mainly depend on renewable resources. Recycling and coloring will become an independent industry. In 2000, the world produced 8.16 million tons of recycled aluminum and alloys, accounting for 33% of the original aluminum production; of which, 93% in the US, 59% in France, and 89% in Germany, Japan's recycled aluminum production is 186 times that of primary aluminum. World Renewable lead occupy "half", the 1999 World refined lead production was 6.218 million tons of which secondary lead production was 3.273 million tons, accounting for 52.63% of the total output of refined lead; the United States is the world's largest secondary lead producer, Secondary Lead The share of total refined lead production rose from 66.8 percent in 1990 to 75 in 1999. 8%, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the proportion of recycled lead production is more than 50%; France's annual copper production of 80% of raw materials comes from scrap copper regeneration. In contrast, China's non-ferrous metal recycling industry still has a large gap in many varieties.
At the same time, recycling waste non-ferrous metals is also an effective means of saving energy and reducing environmental pollution. Taking aluminum as an example, compared with the ore as the starting point, the production of 1t primary aluminum consumes 213l0.8×l04kJ (1.7×104kw.h electricity), while the energy consumption of producing 1t recycled aluminum alloy is only 548.8 × 104kJ. Only 2.6% of the original aluminum, and saving 10.5t of water, using less 11t of solid material, emits less than 91% of CO 2 when producing electrolytic aluminum than hydroelectric power, and more CO 2 emissions than when using coal electricity; Less emission of sulfur oxides (SOX) 0.06t, less waste liquid, waste slag 1.9t, less stripping of topsoil 0.6t, free of mining gangue 6.1t. Similarly, the energy saving rates of copper, lead and zinc recycled metals are 82%, 72% and 63% respectively, and the energy saving rates of precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum and rare metals such as nickel, chromium, titanium, niobium and cobalt are about It is 60%~90%.
Actively learning the advanced experience of developed countries and exploring the recycling and utilization technologies of waste non-ferrous metals suitable for China's national conditions will have important practical and strategic significance for supporting and promoting China's sustainable development. (transferred from the World Waste Network)
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