Researchers at home and abroad believe that "hard bed quilts" are beneficial to the emergence of crops. For example, farmers stepped on the bottom of the plant before planting seeds. There are presser feet under the ditching of the planter. The purpose is to let the seeds rest on the hard bed and then step on the plaid. Or repression to press seeds into tight soil. Seeds are good for water absorption, rooting, and seedlings in a well-tight compacted soil. The soft cover covered by the seed should also have a certain degree of compaction, especially if the soil above the small seeds is too loose, the moisture will easily be lost and dry out, which is not conducive to keeping seedlings. The test showed that: within the range of 1.0 to 1.37 g/m3 of soil bulk density, the growth of maize, soybean, and sorghum was good, and the dry matter accumulation and leaf age were well increased, and increased regularly with the increase of soil compaction. Crops that grow on compacted soils have significant resistance to lodging.
Too loose soil is not conducive to high crop yields. Generally, the suitable compactness of seedlings is 1.2-1.37 g/m3. When the soil bulk density exceeds 1.37 g/m 3 , it should be ploughed. The bulk density of the soil after turning is between 0.9--1.0 g/m3. The ridge body should be properly repressed to a bulk density of 1.2 g/m3. Due to the freezing and thawing process, the black soil in Heilongjiang Province can maintain the aftereffect of the ploughed land for 2-3 years, ie, the general soil bulk density can still be maintained within a suitable arable land range of 1.2-1.3 g/m3 in 2-3 years. Rotation, smashing, or cultivating the ridges or pods used in our province are practical applications of the soil compaction principle. Less tillage and no-tillage that have been developed in recent years also apply the principle of soil cultivation that requires crops to be properly compacted.
First, the concept of deep relaxation.
Deep pine is a type of loose or loose farming. Pine tillage is a farming method that does not invert the soil layer, maintain the original soil layer, and partially loosen the soil under the tillage layer and the soil under the tillage layer. Plow depth without breaking loose called shallow, typically 15-20 cm; depth plow called break loose deep, typically 25.30 cm; depth adhesive disc to break loose layer called ultra-deep, typically 35 50 cm.
After a long period of flat plowing or ridge tilling, a hard, closed plough base layer is formed between the plowing layer and the soil layer. The thickness of the plow bottom layer can reach 6-10 cm. Its total porosity is reduced by 10% to 20% compared with the tillage layer or the soil layer, which hinders the connectivity of the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat gradients between the tillage layer and the soil layer, and reduces the resilience of the soil. At the same time, it is difficult for crop roots to penetrate the plough bottom layer, the roots are distributed shallowly, the scope of absorption of nutrients is reduced, and the resilience is weak, which can easily cause premature aging, etc., and affect the yield increase. Therefore, eliminating the plow bottom layer has become an important measure. In addition to artificially created ploughs that require artificial measures to eliminate it, when the soil is naturally formed, there are also viscous disk layers that are less than 30 cm below the soil layer. In order to enhance the resilience of the soil and crops, artificial measures need to be taken. To eliminate it, deep relaxation is such a measure. However, it is not enough for deep looseness to be able to dig deeper into fertilizers, weeds, straw and reduce pests and diseases.
Second, the role of deep plowing method.
(1) Improved soil water storage capacity. The gap deepens and breaks the bottom layer of the plough, so that the water permeability of the soil is enhanced. In May-September rainfall of 376.6 millimeters, the depth of deep loose soil water storage reaches 110 to 150 centimeters, while there is a closed plow bottom layer, and the depth of water storage reaches only 60 cm. Water storage capacity increased by about 15%. The storage of water in the subsoil is conducive to the drought before the rainy season in the following year, that is, the variability and autumn rain are spring floods, which makes the distribution of soil moisture more stable. The deep-seated soil can quickly receive precipitation, reducing the runoff and topsoil erosion when rainstorms and rainstorms occur.
(2) Form a good plough structure. Subsoiling tillage topsoil configured so that a dense layer of thickened root crops, root portion extending to the real situation can be loose or freely with soil water content, and may be grown from the deep portion of the loose subsoil, which is not the root ratio A threefold increase in depth. As more roots remain in the soil, the decline in soil organic matter is more moderate. The deep soil allows the bottom soil to mature in situ, which can effectively use soil fertility and prevent non-productive consumption. Because it does not disrupt the original soil level, keeping the soil fertile in favor plant growth, intensive parts, while sowing the seeds were sown in the mellow soil is conducive to seed germination and seedling growth.
(3) Increase crop yields. Recognized by the province for many years to increase the effect of deep pine, dark pine same year after year after year flat shallow ridge tillage and turned (the formation of a plow pan) compared crop yields in the deep pine year increase of 8% -10%, while the following year It can increase by 10%-20%, and can mature in advance. According to Shuangcheng, the corn in the deep-pitch plots grew 74 cm longer than the main roots of the plots without deep-slough land preparations, with 20 more secondary roots, 1.4-gram weight per hundred kernels, and 156 kg per mu. Mudanjiang Reclamation has promoted deep plowing methods since 1973. It has been proved through tests and production practice in 1988 that deep ploughs are used with small culm feet. Hua, large original position modified chisel plow subsoiler) shallow deep loosening spacer turn (turning pale 7-8 cm, 35 cm interval, subsoiler 20235 cm), which increase the effect of stability, drought, waterlogging effect. It can also reduce wind erosion and water erosion. 1980-1985, in eight hundred fifty-one O 12 points wheat farm trials investigating species, shallow depth interval turned loose translation from 9 to 65.75 kg acre yield than the flat, the average yield of 34.35 kg, average yield increased 21.6%. Soybeans were tested 5 times, with an average yield of 27.15 kg. With an average yield increase of 19%, the farm production practices have the same tendency to increase production.
Third, the depth of the field operation quality standards.
According to Section 2.2 of the Field Operation Quality Standard of Heilongjiang Province, the deep-steaming operation is applicable to soil deep loosening, deep ridge ploughing, deep ridging, deep ploughing and other deep soil loosening operations. The ploughing depth is generally 20-25 cm. In addition to cultivating deep plowing, the principle of the plowing plough bottom layer is generally 25-30 cm; the deep deep plowing depth is greater than or equal to 30 cm, and the deep loosening error is ±2 cm. There are ridges required by ridge spacing, full deep loose spacing 30--50 cm, line spacing error of ± 2 cm. The deep sparge chisel spade has a width of 4.6 cm and the spatula shovel has a width of about 10 cm.
Too loose soil is not conducive to high crop yields. Generally, the suitable compactness of seedlings is 1.2-1.37 g/m3. When the soil bulk density exceeds 1.37 g/m 3 , it should be ploughed. The bulk density of the soil after turning is between 0.9--1.0 g/m3. The ridge body should be properly repressed to a bulk density of 1.2 g/m3. Due to the freezing and thawing process, the black soil in Heilongjiang Province can maintain the aftereffect of the ploughed land for 2-3 years, ie, the general soil bulk density can still be maintained within a suitable arable land range of 1.2-1.3 g/m3 in 2-3 years. Rotation, smashing, or cultivating the ridges or pods used in our province are practical applications of the soil compaction principle. Less tillage and no-tillage that have been developed in recent years also apply the principle of soil cultivation that requires crops to be properly compacted.
First, the concept of deep relaxation.
Deep pine is a type of loose or loose farming. Pine tillage is a farming method that does not invert the soil layer, maintain the original soil layer, and partially loosen the soil under the tillage layer and the soil under the tillage layer. Plow depth without breaking loose called shallow, typically 15-20 cm; depth plow called break loose deep, typically 25.30 cm; depth adhesive disc to break loose layer called ultra-deep, typically 35 50 cm.
After a long period of flat plowing or ridge tilling, a hard, closed plough base layer is formed between the plowing layer and the soil layer. The thickness of the plow bottom layer can reach 6-10 cm. Its total porosity is reduced by 10% to 20% compared with the tillage layer or the soil layer, which hinders the connectivity of the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat gradients between the tillage layer and the soil layer, and reduces the resilience of the soil. At the same time, it is difficult for crop roots to penetrate the plough bottom layer, the roots are distributed shallowly, the scope of absorption of nutrients is reduced, and the resilience is weak, which can easily cause premature aging, etc., and affect the yield increase. Therefore, eliminating the plow bottom layer has become an important measure. In addition to artificially created ploughs that require artificial measures to eliminate it, when the soil is naturally formed, there are also viscous disk layers that are less than 30 cm below the soil layer. In order to enhance the resilience of the soil and crops, artificial measures need to be taken. To eliminate it, deep relaxation is such a measure. However, it is not enough for deep looseness to be able to dig deeper into fertilizers, weeds, straw and reduce pests and diseases.
Second, the role of deep plowing method.
(1) Improved soil water storage capacity. The gap deepens and breaks the bottom layer of the plough, so that the water permeability of the soil is enhanced. In May-September rainfall of 376.6 millimeters, the depth of deep loose soil water storage reaches 110 to 150 centimeters, while there is a closed plow bottom layer, and the depth of water storage reaches only 60 cm. Water storage capacity increased by about 15%. The storage of water in the subsoil is conducive to the drought before the rainy season in the following year, that is, the variability and autumn rain are spring floods, which makes the distribution of soil moisture more stable. The deep-seated soil can quickly receive precipitation, reducing the runoff and topsoil erosion when rainstorms and rainstorms occur.
(2) Form a good plough structure. Subsoiling tillage topsoil configured so that a dense layer of thickened root crops, root portion extending to the real situation can be loose or freely with soil water content, and may be grown from the deep portion of the loose subsoil, which is not the root ratio A threefold increase in depth. As more roots remain in the soil, the decline in soil organic matter is more moderate. The deep soil allows the bottom soil to mature in situ, which can effectively use soil fertility and prevent non-productive consumption. Because it does not disrupt the original soil level, keeping the soil fertile in favor plant growth, intensive parts, while sowing the seeds were sown in the mellow soil is conducive to seed germination and seedling growth.
(3) Increase crop yields. Recognized by the province for many years to increase the effect of deep pine, dark pine same year after year after year flat shallow ridge tillage and turned (the formation of a plow pan) compared crop yields in the deep pine year increase of 8% -10%, while the following year It can increase by 10%-20%, and can mature in advance. According to Shuangcheng, the corn in the deep-pitch plots grew 74 cm longer than the main roots of the plots without deep-slough land preparations, with 20 more secondary roots, 1.4-gram weight per hundred kernels, and 156 kg per mu. Mudanjiang Reclamation has promoted deep plowing methods since 1973. It has been proved through tests and production practice in 1988 that deep ploughs are used with small culm feet. Hua, large original position modified chisel plow subsoiler) shallow deep loosening spacer turn (turning pale 7-8 cm, 35 cm interval, subsoiler 20235 cm), which increase the effect of stability, drought, waterlogging effect. It can also reduce wind erosion and water erosion. 1980-1985, in eight hundred fifty-one O 12 points wheat farm trials investigating species, shallow depth interval turned loose translation from 9 to 65.75 kg acre yield than the flat, the average yield of 34.35 kg, average yield increased 21.6%. Soybeans were tested 5 times, with an average yield of 27.15 kg. With an average yield increase of 19%, the farm production practices have the same tendency to increase production.
Third, the depth of the field operation quality standards.
According to Section 2.2 of the Field Operation Quality Standard of Heilongjiang Province, the deep-steaming operation is applicable to soil deep loosening, deep ridge ploughing, deep ridging, deep ploughing and other deep soil loosening operations. The ploughing depth is generally 20-25 cm. In addition to cultivating deep plowing, the principle of the plowing plough bottom layer is generally 25-30 cm; the deep deep plowing depth is greater than or equal to 30 cm, and the deep loosening error is ±2 cm. There are ridges required by ridge spacing, full deep loose spacing 30--50 cm, line spacing error of ± 2 cm. The deep sparge chisel spade has a width of 4.6 cm and the spatula shovel has a width of about 10 cm.